
牛儿很生气,牛年最牛的居然不是它们。2009年动物界的风头都被一匹马给抢了。这是一匹诞生于因特网的神马,对不起,如果您不喜欢它的名字请忍一下,我在本文中只引用一次:“草泥马”。
温驯家畜擅长化学战
它到底是什么?是不是一头“想象中的动物”?其实它根本不是马,看看脚就很清楚了。马属于奇蹄目动物,四蹄不分瓣,而这种“马”的脚是分瓣的,显然属于偶蹄目。再看仔细些,神马的脚掌宽大,蹄甲很小,应该属于骆驼科。其实,它正是一种南美洲骆驼-羊驼(Vicugna pacos)。一般认为,现存的骆驼科动物有6种,其祖先生活在北美洲。大约1200万年前,分家开始了。其中一支向北跨过白令陆桥来到欧亚大陆,并进入北非。这就是我们熟悉的骆驼,现存双峰驼和单峰驼两个物种。另一支则“下南洋”,从北美洲来到安地斯山区,这一支被称为“羊驼族”。羊驼就属于该支。
羊驼的原生地在安地斯山区。有资料称早在6000年前,当地人就驯化了它,直到欧洲人来到这片大陆之前,羊驼和驼羊(后文中会提到)是南美洲仅有的两种家畜。羊驼看起来跟大绵羊很相似,遍身长毛。羊驼在当地土著居民的生活中扮演着极其重要的角色,它们的毛被用来编织绳子、寝具、毛衣、手套、帽子、袜子还有著名的大披风,而它们的肉则是人们食物中主要的动物蛋白来源。
像其他骆驼一样,羊驼脾气好极了,如果是熟人,它会很配合地跟你亲昵。不过如果是陌生人,我还劝你慢慢接近它们-这种可爱的动物有一手独门绝技-“啐”。如果你运气好,它只吐你一口唾沫。如果不幸,命中你脸的会是一团热气腾腾的绿色化学武器。那是没有完全消化的草加上它们的胃液,气味绝对让你终身难忘。
表亲身份难辨认
羊驼在南美还有三个表亲:驼羊、原驼和骆马。够绕口吧,这里我使用的是最被广泛接受的中文名称,很多时候人们羊驼、驼羊的乱叫一气,大家需要仔细判别。比名字更绕口的是它们之间的亲戚关系。会啐人绝技的不光是羊驼,它的表亲驼羊(Lama glama)也会这么做。驼羊是另一种被驯化的南美骆驼,它更像传统意义上的骆驼,身上的毛比羊驼短。而原驼和骆马是野生的品种,它们俩长得又很相似,都是栗色的短毛,精干的身材,其中原驼(Lama guanicoe)稍大,而骆马(Vicugna vicugna)是最小的骆驼科物种。
这四个表亲不仅长得像,更要命的是它们之间可以互相杂交并且产生能繁育的后代,用所谓“生殖隔离”那一套理论,这四种根本就是一个物种。很多人也是这么认为的,所以干脆通称它们美洲驼。
最近的分子生物学研究才把它们的身世调查清楚,根据最新的DNA研究,大约在1040万年前,美洲骆驼的祖先发生了分化,现今羊驼的祖先同其他三个物种的祖先分道扬镳;640万年前骆马从羊驼那一支里分离出来,现在羊驼和骆马共同属于骆马属。另外的一支一直到140万年前才发生分裂,原驼和驼羊成为两个物种,这两者被划归驼羊属。
啰唆一堆,肯定有读者急着问:“到哪儿能亲眼看一看‘网络神兽’啊?”其实,在北京动物园鹿苑的一个角落里,就圈养着四五头羊驼,其中一头黑白花的羊驼,鼻子上长着一个大瘤,看起来还颇有几分吓人。那么,如果想买一头“神兽”又怎么办呢?这东西还真有卖的,1984年,美国人把羊驼从秘鲁带向世界,目前全美有数万头羊驼。而中国在2002年从澳洲引进了这种动物,目前一头羊驼幼畜的价格大概是1万元人民币。如果你有足够大的地方(养十头羊驼大概需要6亩地的空间),那就养几头玩玩吧,据说这是少数几种不会惹烦邻居的家畜。
羊驼的网络生活:马勒和歌碧。他们是草泥马家族中一对快乐的小情侣。点击这里,偷窥他们的生活。








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